Methylene Blue Oligo Labeling

Bio-Synthesis offers methylene Blue (MB) oligo, peptide and protein labeling. Methylene blue (MB) label, also known as Dimethylaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride, has been used as redox indicator¹, photosensitizer,^2-8 dye for cellular staining procedures,⁹ antiseptic ^2,10 and in many other areas of medicine such as Alzheimer's diseases ¹¹.
K. Plaxco et al. has conducted several studies in biosensor experiment, methylene blue (MB) ^16-20 
provided efficient electron transfer good sensitivity and stability in biosensor detection systems, at some situation showing better than ferrocene²¹.
The location of methylene blue (MB) in teh DNA probe seems to be critical for sensor performance. Internal labeled methylene blue probes have shown better signal suppression after target addition than end-labelled probes.13 Barton's group has shown the electrochemical resonse of methylene blue bound to dsDNA with a flexible linker and demonstrated both direct reduction at the electrode adn DNA-mediated reduction dependent on the n-stacking of methylene blue.^22,23.

Intercalation properties of MB with DNA have been widely investigated but only with free MB molecules in solution.^24-28 DNA structures with an intercalated MB still have to be considered, and novel binding chemistries have to be explored. However, only a post-synthesis functionalization of DNA with an NHS-ester derivative has been used to incorporate MB into oligonucleotides.^22,29,30 This method is limited by the requirement for amino functions on the oligonucleotide chain. Although the introduction of amino groups is relatively straightforward with the appropriate phosphoramidites, the procedure requires an additional deprotection step followed by an additional coupling/purification procedure to incorporate the MB. This final step could be tedious due to the trend of MB to interact with DNA via electrostatic and π-stacking interactions with the phosphate backbone and nucleic bases (in particular with guanine residues), respectively, thus decreasing the efficiency of covalent incorporation.^31,32 

Bio-Synthesis provide methylene blue oligo labeling by covalently introduce into the any position of an oligonucletoide sequence. 

References:

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